Pet Rabbit Food 101: Healthy Diet Plan for Indoor Rabbits

Feeding your indoor rabbit correctly is vital for their long, happy life. A healthy rabbit diet is primarily unlimited, high-quality hay, supplemented daily with fresh leafy greens, a small portion of high-fiber pellets, and very limited healthy treats. This balanced approach supports their digestive health, wears down their constantly growing teeth, and provides essential nutrients.

Are you feeling a bit overwhelmed by all the conflicting advice on what to feed your adorable indoor rabbit? You’re not alone! Many new and even experienced rabbit owners struggle to create the perfect diet plan. It’s a common frustration because rabbits have very specific dietary needs that differ significantly from other common pets. Getting it right is crucial for preventing serious health problems like dental issues or digestive upset. But don’t worry, you’ve landed in the perfect spot to get clear, practical, and easy-to-follow guidance. This comprehensive guide will walk you through every essential component of a healthy rabbit diet, helping you ensure your bunny thrives with real-world examples and expert advice.

The Foundation of a Healthy Rabbit Diet: Hay, Hay, and More Hay

When it comes to feeding your pet rabbit, hay isn’t just a snack; it’s the absolute cornerstone of their diet. Think of it as their most important food source, accounting for roughly 80-90% of what they should eat daily. Providing unlimited, fresh hay is non-negotiable for an indoor rabbit’s well-being.

Why Hay is Crucial for Your Rabbit’s Health

Hay serves two primary, indispensable functions:

• Dental Health: A rabbit’s teeth never stop growing. Chewing on fibrous hay constantly helps to grind down their molars and incisors naturally. Without enough hay, teeth can overgrow, leading to painful spurs, abscesses, and an inability to eat properly, often requiring expensive veterinary intervention.
• Digestive Health: Rabbits have a unique digestive system that requires a constant flow of high-fiber material to function correctly. Hay provides this essential fiber, promoting gut motility and preventing common, life-threatening conditions like gastrointestinal (GI) stasis, where the digestive system slows down or stops entirely. It also helps prevent hairballs from accumulating in the digestive tract.

Types of Hay for Rabbits

Not all hay is created equal. The best types of hay for adult rabbits are grass hays, which are high in fiber and relatively low in calories and calcium.

• Timothy Hay: This is the gold standard for adult rabbits (over 7 months old). It’s high in fiber and perfectly balanced for their nutritional needs. Most rabbit owners find Timothy hay to be the most readily available and preferred choice.
• Orchard Grass Hay: A good alternative or supplement to Timothy hay, especially if your rabbit is a picky eater or has allergies to Timothy. It’s softer and has a slightly sweeter smell, making it appealing to some rabbits.
• Oat Hay: Another excellent choice, offering a coarser texture and a satisfying crunch. It can be fed alone or mixed with other grass hays to provide variety.
• Alfalfa Hay: This is a legume hay, not a grass hay. It’s much higher in protein and calcium. While essential for young, growing bunnies (under 7 months old) and pregnant or nursing does, it should only be given in very small amounts or avoided entirely for healthy adult rabbits. Too much Alfalfa can lead to bladder stones and obesity in adults.

You can find high-quality Timothy hay readily online. For a reliable option, consider this Oxbow Western Timothy Hay, which is widely recommended by veterinarians and rabbit enthusiasts.

How Much Hay? Unlimited!

The general rule is simple: your rabbit should have access to fresh hay 24/7. They should eat a pile of hay at least the size of their body every day. Keep their hay rack or litter box (where many rabbits prefer to eat their hay) constantly topped up. Hay should be fresh, dry, and free from dust or mold. Store it in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Fresh Greens: Essential Vitamins and Hydration

After hay, fresh leafy greens are the second most important component of your rabbit’s diet. They provide essential vitamins, minerals, and hydration that hay and pellets alone cannot offer.

Why Greens are Important

• Nutrient Boost: Greens are packed with vitamins (like Vitamin A and K), minerals, and antioxidants crucial for overall health, immune function, and organ health.
• Hydration: The water content in fresh greens contributes significantly to your rabbit’s daily fluid intake, which is vital for kidney function and preventing urinary tract issues.
• Variety and Enrichment: Offering a variety of safe greens provides different textures and flavors, keeping mealtime interesting and mentally stimulating for your bunny.

Safe Greens List

Aim to feed a minimum of 3-5 different types of leafy greens daily to ensure a broad spectrum of nutrients. Always wash greens thoroughly before feeding them to your rabbit.

• Leafy Lettuces: Romaine, Green Leaf, Red Leaf, Butter Lettuce (avoid Iceberg lettuce – it has little nutritional value and can cause diarrhea).
• Herbs: Parsley, Cilantro, Mint, Basil, Dill, Oregano, Rosemary, Thyme.
• Safe Weeds (if pesticide-free): Dandelion greens (leaves and flowers), Plantain, Chickweed.
• Other Greens: Carrot tops (in moderation due to calcium), Beet greens (in moderation), Collard greens, Kale (in moderation due to calcium), Mustard greens, Turnip greens, Endive, Escarole, Arugula, Watercress, Radicchio, Swiss Chard (in moderation).

Greens to Avoid

Some greens are harmful or should be given with extreme caution:

• Iceberg Lettuce: Lacks nutrients, can cause diarrhea.
• Rhubarb: Toxic to rabbits.
• Avocado: Highly toxic.
• Certain Houseplants: Many common houseplants are toxic. Always research before offering.
• Potatoes, Onions, Garlic, Leeks: Toxic and should never be fed.

How Much?

A good general guideline is to feed about 1 cup of fresh leafy greens per 2 pounds of body weight, given daily. For example, a 6-pound rabbit would get about 3 cups of mixed greens per day, ideally split into two meals (morning and evening).

Preparation Tips

Always wash greens thoroughly to remove any pesticides or dirt. Introduce new greens one at a time, in small quantities, and monitor your rabbit for any signs of digestive upset (soft stools, gas, reduced appetite) before fully incorporating them into their diet.

Safe Greens (Daily)	Greens to Feed in Moderation (2-3 times/week)	Greens to AVOID (Toxic)
Romaine Lettuce	Kale	Iceberg Lettuce
Green/Red Leaf Lettuce	Spinach	Rhubarb
Cilantro	Swiss Chard	Avocado
Parsley	Beet Greens	Onions, Garlic, Leeks
Dill	Carrot Tops	Potatoes
Mint	Broccoli (leaves/stems)	Most Houseplants
Basil	Cabbage	Seeds from fruit (apples, pears)
Dandelion Greens	Bell Peppers (small amounts)	Chocolate

High-Quality Pellets: A Supplement, Not a Staple

Pellets often cause confusion for new rabbit owners. While they are a convenient way to provide concentrated nutrients, they should only make up a small portion of an adult rabbit’s diet. Think of them as a supplement, not the main course.

Role of Pellets

Pellets are designed to provide a balanced mix of vitamins, minerals, and protein that might be missing from hay and greens alone. However, overfeeding pellets is a common mistake that can lead to obesity, dental problems (due to lack of chewing), and digestive issues (due to low fiber content compared to hay).

What to Look For in Rabbit Pellets

Choosing the right pellet is crucial:

• Timothy Hay-Based: For adult rabbits, always choose pellets that list Timothy hay as the first ingredient.
• High Fiber (18% or more): Fiber is key for digestive health.
• Low Protein (12-14% for adults): Too much protein can lead to health issues.
• Low Fat (2% or less): Prevents obesity.
• No Seeds, Nuts, or Colorful Bits: These are often unhealthy fillers, high in fat, and can cause digestive upset or choking.
• No Added Sugars: Sugary ingredients are detrimental to rabbit health.

A good example of a high-quality pellet is Oxbow Essentials Adult Rabbit Food, which meets these criteria and is widely recommended.

What to Avoid

Stay away from “muesli” style mixes that contain dried corn, seeds, nuts, and colorful pieces. Rabbits will often pick out the high-fat, sugary bits, leaving the healthier components, leading to an unbalanced diet and potential health problems.

How Much?

The amount of pellets depends on your rabbit’s age and weight:

• Adult Rabbits (over 7 months): Approximately 1/4 cup of pellets per 6 pounds of body weight per day. Some very active rabbits may need slightly more, while sedentary or overweight rabbits may need less or none at all.
• Young Rabbits (under 7 months): Can have unlimited Alfalfa hay and a higher amount of Alfalfa-based pellets (about 1/2 cup per 2 pounds of body weight) until they are about 6-7 months old, then gradually transition to Timothy hay and adult pellets.

Always follow the feeding guidelines on the pellet packaging, but adjust based on your rabbit’s individual needs and weight.

Treats and Fruits: In Moderation Only

Just like with humans, treats should be given sparingly and thoughtfully. While rabbits enjoy sweet fruits and certain vegetables, these should never replace their primary diet of hay and greens. Overfeeding treats can lead to obesity, digestive upset, and an imbalanced diet.

Why Moderation is Key

Fruits and sugary vegetables are high in sugar and carbohydrates, which can disrupt a rabbit’s delicate gut flora, leading to gas, diarrhea, or even GI stasis. They also contribute to weight gain if given in excess.

Safe Fruits (Very Small Amounts)

Offer fruits only 1-2 times a week, in tiny portions. Think of them as a reward or a special indulgence.

• Apple (without seeds, which are toxic)
• Banana (very high in sugar, give tiny slivers)
• Berries (strawberries, blueberries, raspberries)
• Melon (cantaloupe, watermelon – without rind or seeds)
• Pear
• Peach

Safe Vegetables (Small Amounts)

Some non-leafy vegetables can be given as treats in small quantities a few times a week.

• Carrots (high in sugar, feed sparingly)
• Bell Peppers (any color)
• Broccoli stems/florets (can cause gas in some rabbits, introduce carefully)
• Cucumber
• Celery (cut into small pieces to avoid stringy bits causing issues)

Treats to Avoid

• Human Snacks: Cookies, crackers, bread, cereal, chocolate, candy – these are extremely unhealthy and dangerous for rabbits.
• Dairy Products: Rabbits are lactose intolerant.
• Seeds and Nuts: High in fat, difficult to digest, and can be choking hazards.
• Yogurt Drops: Marketed for rabbits but are high in sugar and dairy, offering no nutritional benefit and potentially causing harm.
• Dried Fruit: Even more concentrated in sugar than fresh fruit, should be avoided.

Treat Type	Recommended Portion (for a 6lb rabbit)	Frequency
Apple (no seeds)	1-2 thin slices	1-2 times per week
Banana	1/4 inch slice	1-2 times per week
Strawberries	1 medium berry	1-2 times per week
Carrot	1-inch piece	2-3 times per week
Bell Pepper	1 tablespoon diced	2-3 times per week
Safe Herbs (e.g., Mint, Basil)	Small sprig	Daily, as part of greens allowance

Water: The Often-Overlooked Essential

Just like any living creature, fresh, clean water is absolutely vital for your rabbit’s health. It plays a critical role in digestion, nutrient absorption, temperature regulation, and overall organ function. Dehydration can quickly become a serious health crisis for a rabbit.

Importance of Fresh Water

• Digestion: Water helps move food through the digestive tract and prevents impactions.
• Kidney Function: Adequate hydration helps the kidneys flush out toxins and reduces the risk of urinary tract infections and bladder sludge/stones.
• Overall Health: Essential for every bodily process.

Bowl vs. Bottle

Both water bowls and sipper bottles have pros and cons, and many rabbit owners offer both.

• Water Bowl:
  • Pros: More natural drinking position, allows for greater water intake, easier to clean, less prone to clogging.
  • Cons: Can be tipped over, hay and litter can get into it, requiring more frequent cleaning/refilling. Use a heavy ceramic bowl to prevent tipping.
• Sipper Bottle:
  • Pros: Keeps water clean, doesn’t spill.
  • Cons: Rabbits may not get enough water due to the slow flow, can become clogged, requires daily checking of the nozzle for blockages, less natural drinking posture.

Regardless of what you use, ensure your rabbit has constant access to fresh water.

Cleaning Routine

Water bowls should be washed daily with soap and hot water. Sipper bottles should also be cleaned daily, paying special attention to the nozzle with a bottle brush to prevent bacterial buildup and blockages. Check the water level multiple times a day.

Dietary Changes and Introducing New Foods

Rabbits have very sensitive digestive systems. Any sudden change in diet can lead to serious digestive upset, including gas, diarrhea, and even life-threatening GI stasis. Patience and a gradual approach are key when introducing new foods.

Gradual Introduction

When introducing a new type of hay, greens, or even a new brand of pellets:

1. Start Small: Offer a tiny amount of the new food (e.g., a single leaf of a new green, a pinch of new hay mixed with old hay).
2. Monitor Closely: Over the next 24-48 hours, observe your rabbit for any changes in appetite, energy level, or stool consistency. Look for soft stools, diarrhea, reduced hay intake, or signs of discomfort (hunched posture, teeth grinding).
3. Increase Slowly: If there are no adverse reactions, gradually increase the amount of the new food over several days to a week.
4. One at a Time: Introduce only one new food item at a time. This way, if a problem arises, you can easily identify the culprit.

Monitoring for Digestive Upset

Signs of digestive distress include:

• Soft, mushy, or watery stools.
• Lack of appetite, especially for hay.
• Lethargy or reduced activity.
• Hunched posture or teeth grinding (signs of pain).
• Bloated abdomen.
• No fecal pellets for several hours.

If you notice any of these signs, immediately stop the new food and contact your veterinarian. GI stasis is a medical emergency.

Importance of Vet Consultation

Always consult with a rabbit-savvy veterinarian if you have concerns about your rabbit’s diet or if they exhibit any signs of illness. They can provide tailored advice based on your rabbit’s specific health needs and history.

What NOT to Feed Your Rabbit: A Critical List

Knowing what to avoid is just as important as knowing what to feed. Many common human foods are toxic or highly detrimental to a rabbit’s health.

• Chocolate: Toxic.
• Avocado: Toxic.
• Rhubarb: Toxic.
• Iceberg Lettuce: Lacks nutrients, can cause diarrhea.
• Alliums (Onions, Garlic, Leeks, Chives): Toxic and can cause blood disorders.
• Potatoes (raw or cooked): Toxic.
• Seeds and Pits from Fruits: Contain cyanide compounds (e.g., apple seeds, cherry pits).
• Human Processed Foods: Bread, pasta, cookies, crackers, chips, cereal, candy – these are high in sugar, salt, and unhealthy ingredients that can severely upset a rabbit’s digestive system.
• Dairy Products: Rabbits are lactose intolerant.
• Meat and Eggs: Rabbits are herbivores and cannot digest animal products.
• Certain Houseplants: Many common houseplants are toxic. Always research before allowing access.
• Sugary Commercial Treats: Many treats sold in pet stores (like yogurt drops, seed sticks) are high in sugar, fat, and artificial ingredients and should be avoided.
• Corn Kernels: The hull is difficult for rabbits to digest and can cause impactions.
• Legumes (Beans, Peas): Can cause gas and digestive upset.

When in doubt, always err on the side of caution. If you’re unsure if a food is safe, don’t feed it until you’ve confirmed it with a reliable source or your veterinarian.

Understanding Your Rabbit’s Nutritional Needs by Life Stage

A rabbit’s dietary requirements change as they grow from a baby to a senior. Adjusting their diet according to their life stage is crucial for optimal health.

Baby Bunnies (Up to 7 Months Old)

• Hay: Unlimited Alfalfa hay. Alfalfa is higher in protein and calcium, which are essential for rapid growth.
• Pellets: Unlimited Alfalfa-based pellets.
• Greens: Introduce small amounts of fresh greens gradually around 3-4 months of age, starting with one type at a time.
• Treats: Avoid treats for very young bunnies.

Around 6-7 months, begin a slow transition to Timothy hay and adult pellets, gradually reducing Alfalfa hay and pellets.

Adult Rabbits (7 Months to 5-6 Years Old)

• Hay: Unlimited grass hay (Timothy, Orchard, Oat). This remains the most important part of their diet.
• Pellets: Limited, high-fiber, Timothy-based pellets (approximately 1/4 cup per 6 lbs body weight per day).
• Greens: 1 cup of mixed leafy greens per 2 lbs body weight daily.
• Treats: Very small amounts of safe fruits or non-leafy vegetables, 1-2 times per week.

Senior Rabbits (Over 5-6 Years Old)

Senior rabbits may have varying needs depending on their health and activity level.

• Hay: Unlimited grass hay. This is still paramount.
• Pellets: Monitor weight. If losing weight, a slightly increased amount of pellets or a senior-specific pellet may be needed. If gaining weight, reduce pellets further.
• Greens: Continue daily greens.
• Supplements: Some senior rabbits may benefit from joint supplements or other vet-recommended additions. Discuss any changes with your veterinarian.
• Dental Care: Senior rabbits are more prone to dental issues, so ensure they are eating hay and greens well.

Common Rabbit Digestive Issues and How Diet Plays a Role

Many of the most common and serious health problems in rabbits are directly linked to an improper diet. Understanding these connections can help you prevent them.

• GI Stasis: This life-threatening condition occurs when the digestive system slows down or stops. It’s often triggered by a low-fiber diet (not enough hay), dehydration, stress, or pain. A high-hay diet is the best preventative measure.
• Diarrhea: Can be caused by sudden dietary changes, too many sugary treats, incorrect greens, or bacterial imbalances. It’s especially dangerous for young rabbits.
• Dental Problems: Overgrown teeth, spurs, and abscesses are almost always due to insufficient hay intake. The constant chewing action of hay is essential for wearing down their continuously growing teeth.
• Obesity: Primarily caused by overfeeding pellets and treats, and not enough exercise. Obesity puts a strain on joints, increases the risk of heart disease, and can lead to difficulties with cecotrophy (eating their nutrient-rich night droppings).
• Bladder Sludge/Stones: Can result from diets too high in calcium (e.g., too much Alfalfa hay or certain greens for adult rabbits), combined with insufficient water intake.

A proper diet is your first line of defense against these common ailments, contributing significantly to your rabbit’s overall health and longevity.

Rabbit Food Storage and Freshness

Proper storage ensures your rabbit’s food remains nutritious and safe to eat. Moldy or stale food can lead to health problems.

• Hay: Store hay in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Bales or bags should be kept off the floor to prevent moisture absorption. Avoid airtight containers, as hay needs to breathe to prevent mold. Large canvas bags or breathable storage bins work well.
• Pellets: Store pellets in an airtight container in a cool, dry place to prevent them from going stale, losing nutrients, or attracting pests. Buy pellets in smaller quantities that can be used up within a few weeks to ensure freshness.
• Greens: Wash and dry greens before storing them in the refrigerator, similar to how you would store human produce. They should be crisp and fresh when offered. Discard any wilted, slimy, or discolored greens.

External and Internal Resources for Rabbit Owners

Learning about rabbit care is an ongoing process. Here are some resources to help you continue your journey:

• House Rabbit Society: An excellent resource for all aspects of rabbit care, including diet, health, and behavior. Visit rabbit.org.
• Veterinary Websites: Many rabbit-savvy vets publish articles and guides on their websites. Search for “exotic vet near me” to find a specialist.
• Online Forums and Communities: Connect with other rabbit owners for advice and support, but always cross-reference information with veterinary sources.
• General Pet Care: For a different perspective on animal well-being, you might also find our article on 15 Best Dog Breeds for Kids and Families interesting, showcasing how diverse pet care advice can be.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Can rabbits eat bread?

No, rabbits should not eat bread. It’s high in carbohydrates and sugar, which can cause severe digestive upset, gas, and potentially lead to GI stasis. Stick to their natural diet of hay, greens, and a small amount of pellets.

How often should I feed my rabbit?

Your rabbit should have unlimited access to fresh hay 24/7. Fresh greens and a small portion of pellets should be offered daily, ideally split into two meals (morning and evening) to keep them engaged and prevent boredom.

What are the signs of a poor diet in rabbits?

Signs of a poor diet include soft or watery stools, reduced appetite (especially for hay), lethargy, weight loss or obesity, dental problems (like overgrown teeth), a dull coat, and signs of pain such as teeth grinding or a hunched posture. Any of these warrant a vet visit.

Do rabbits need vitamin supplements?

Generally, healthy rabbits on a proper diet of unlimited hay, fresh greens, and a small amount of high-quality pellets do not need additional vitamin supplements. Over-supplementation can sometimes be harmful. Consult your veterinarian if you have concerns about specific deficiencies.

Is it okay for rabbits to graze on lawn grass?

Yes, fresh, pesticide-free, untreated lawn grass can be a healthy addition to a rabbit’s diet. However, introduce it gradually, and ensure it hasn’t been sprayed with chemicals or frequented by other animals. Wild grass is often healthier than mown lawn grass.

How do I get my rabbit to eat more hay?

To encourage hay consumption, try offering different types of grass hay (Timothy, Orchard, Oat) to find what your rabbit prefers. Ensure hay is always fresh and clean, and place it in multiple locations, especially near their litter box. Reduce pellet and treat portions to encourage hay eating.

Can rabbits eat dandelions?

Yes, rabbits can eat dandelion greens and flowers, provided they are free from pesticides and herbicides. Dandelions are a healthy and natural treat that many rabbits enjoy. Introduce them gradually like any new green.

Conclusion: A Lifetime of Health Through Proper Nutrition

Providing a healthy, balanced diet is the single most important thing you can do for your indoor rabbit’s well-being. By prioritizing unlimited, high-quality hay, supplementing with a variety of fresh leafy greens, offering limited high-fiber pellets, and being extremely sparing with treats, you’re laying the foundation for a long, happy, and healthy life for your furry companion. Remember, a well-fed rabbit is a happy rabbit, and understanding their unique nutritional needs is key to preventing common health issues. Always observe your rabbit’s eating habits and consult with a rabbit-savvy veterinarian for any concerns or specific dietary advice.